Genetics Systematic Review

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Title: Systematic Review of Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the genetic risk factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). We systematically searched electronic databases for studies published from January 2050 to December 2053. After screening 1,200 studies, 45 met our inclusion criteria. Our analysis reveals significant associations between T2D and several genetic variants, including those in the TCF7L2 and FTO genes. This review highlights the need for further research to confirm these findings and explore their clinical implications.

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Introduction

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder with a strong genetic component. Despite numerous studies investigating genetic risk factors, results have been inconsistent. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of genetic variants associated with T2D, synthesize current evidence, and identify research gaps.

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Methods

• Search Strategy: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using terms related to "genetic risk factors" and "Type 2 Diabetes."

• Inclusion Criteria: Studies were included if they investigated genetic variants and their association with T2D, were published in English, and provided primary data.

• Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently extracted data on study design, sample size, genetic variants, and effect sizes.

• Quality Assessment: We assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

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Results

• Study Characteristics: Out of 45 studies included, 30 were case-control studies, and 15 were cohort studies. The sample sizes ranged from 500 to 10,000 participants.

• Genetic Variants: Significant associations were found with variants in the TCF7L2, FTO, and KCNJ11 genes. For instance, the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant was associated with a 25% increased risk of T2D (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.15–1.35).

• Subgroup Analysis: Variants showed different associations across populations, with stronger effects observed in European cohorts compared to Asian cohorts.

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Discussion

The review confirms that genetic variants in TCF7L2 and FTO are consistently associated with an increased risk of T2D. However, the variability in effect sizes across different populations suggests the need for population-specific studies. The findings underscore the potential for genetic risk assessment in personalized medicine but also highlight the limitations and inconsistencies in current research.

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Conclusions

This systematic review provides robust evidence for the role of genetic factors in T2D risk. Future research should focus on validating these findings across diverse populations and exploring their clinical applications in risk prediction and management.

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References

1. Smith, J., & Jones, A. "Genetic Variants and Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Diabetes Research, 45(2), 123-135.

2. Brown, R., et al. "The Role of FTO Gene in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes." Diabetes Care, 42(8), 987-996.

3. Johnson, M., & Lee, C. "Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Populations." Genetics in Medicine, 23(4), 567-576.

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